[CS4423]: Add Lecture 01 notes & materials

year4/semester2/CS4423: Networks/notes/CS4423.tex

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+% ! TeX program = lualatex
+\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article} 
+% packages
+\usepackage{censor}
+\StopCensoring
+\usepackage{fontspec}
+\setmainfont{EB Garamond}
+% for tironian et fallback
+% % \directlua{luaotfload.add_fallback
+% % ("emojifallback",
+% %      {"Noto Serif:mode=harf"}
+% % )}
+% % \setmainfont{EB Garamond}[RawFeature={fallback=emojifallback}]
+
+\setmonofont[Scale=MatchLowercase]{Deja Vu Sans Mono}
+\usepackage[a4paper,left=2cm,right=2cm,top=\dimexpr15mm+1.5\baselineskip,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
+\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
+
+\usepackage{fancyhdr}       % Headers and footers 
+\fancyhead[R]{\normalfont \leftmark}
+\fancyhead[L]{}
+\pagestyle{fancy}
+
+\usepackage{microtype}      % Slightly tweak font spacing for aesthetics
+\usepackage[english]{babel} % Language hyphenation and typographical rules
+\usepackage{xcolor}
+\definecolor{linkblue}{RGB}{0, 64, 128}
+\usepackage[final, colorlinks = false, urlcolor = linkblue]{hyperref} 
+% \newcommand{\secref}[1]{\textbf{§~\nameref{#1}}}
+\newcommand{\secref}[1]{\textbf{§\ref{#1}~\nameref{#1}}}
+
+\usepackage{changepage}     % adjust margins on the fly
+\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb}
+
+\usepackage{minted}
+\usemintedstyle{algol_nu}
+
+\usepackage{pgfplots}
+\pgfplotsset{width=\textwidth,compat=1.9}
+
+\usepackage{caption}
+\newenvironment{code}{\captionsetup{type=listing}}{}
+\captionsetup[listing]{skip=0pt}
+\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{5pt}
+\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{5pt}
+
+\usepackage[yyyymmdd]{datetime}
+\renewcommand{\dateseparator}{--}
+
+\usepackage{enumitem}
+
+\usepackage{titlesec}
+
+\author{Andrew Hayes}
+
+\begin{document}
+\begin{titlepage}
+    \begin{center}
+        \hrule
+        \vspace*{0.6cm}
+        \Huge \textsc{cs4423}
+        \vspace*{0.6cm}
+        \hrule
+        \LARGE
+       \vspace{0.5cm}
+       Networks
+       \vspace{0.5cm}
+       \hrule
+
+       \vfill
+
+       \hrule
+        \begin{minipage}{0.495\textwidth} 
+            \vspace{0.4em}
+            \raggedright
+            \normalsize 
+            \begin{tabular}{@{}l l}
+                Name: & Andrew Hayes \\
+                Student ID: & 21321503 \\
+                E-mail: & \href{mailto://a.hayes18@universityofgalway.ie}{a.hayes18@universityofgalway.ie} \\
+            \end{tabular}
+        \end{minipage}
+        \begin{minipage}{0.495\textwidth} 
+            \raggedleft
+            \vspace*{0.8cm}
+            \Large
+            \today
+            \vspace*{0.6cm}
+        \end{minipage}
+        \medskip\hrule 
+    \end{center}
+\end{titlepage}
+
+\pagenumbering{roman}
+\newpage
+\tableofcontents
+\newpage
+\setcounter{page}{1}
+\pagenumbering{arabic}
+
+\section{Introduction}
+\textbf{CS4423 Networks} is a Semester 2 module on \textbf{Network Science}.
+Modern societies are in many ways highly connected.
+Certain aspects of this phenomenon are frequently described as \textbf{networks}.
+CS4423 is an introduction to this emerging interdisciplinary subject.
+We'll cover several major topics in this module, including:
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item   Graphs \& Graph Theory,  and how they relate to networks;
+    \item   Representations of networks, including as matrices;
+    \item   Computing with networks, using \mintinline{python}{networkx} in Python;
+    \item   Centrality measures;
+    \item   Random graphs;
+    \item   Small worlds;
+    \item   Models of growing graphs;
+\end{itemize}
+
+Lecture notes \& assignments will come in the form of Jupyter notebooks, which allows us to include interactive Python code with the text.
+
+\subsection{Lecturer Contact Information}
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item   Name: Dr Niall Madden.
+    \item   School of Mathematical \& Statistical Sciences, University of Galway.
+    \item   Office: Room ADB-1013, Arás de Brún.
+    \item   E-mail: \href{mailto://niall.madden@universityofgalway.ie}{niall.madden@universityofgalway.ie}.
+    \item   Website: \url{https://www.niallmadden.ie}
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Schedule}
+Tentative schedule for labs / tutorials:
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item   Tuesday at 16:00 in AC215;
+    \item   Wednesday at 10:00 in CA116a.
+\end{itemize}
+
+There will be some practicals during the semester: Week 3 ``Introduction to Python \& Jupyter'' sessions, later weeks help with assignments, preparations for exam, etc.
+
+\subsection{Assessment}
+\begin{itemize}
+    \item   Two homework assignments.
+            Tentative deadlines: Weeks 5 \& 10.
+            Each contribute 10\% each to the final grade.
+
+    \item   One in-class test.
+            Probably Week 7 (depending on FYP deadlines).
+            Contributes 10\% to the final grade.
+
+    \item   Final exam: 70\%.
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsection{Introduction to Networks}
+Newman (for example) broadly divides the most commonly studied real-world networks into four classes:
+\begin{enumerate}
+    \item   \textbf{Technological networks:} rely on physical infrastructure.
+            In many cases, this infrastructure has been built over many decades and forms part of the backbone of modern societies, including roads \& other transportation networks, power grids, and communications networks.
+
+    \item   \textbf{Social networks:} the vertices of a social network are people (or, at leasts, User IDs), with edges representing some sort of \textbf{social interaction}.
+            In sociology, the vertices are often called \textbf{actors}, and the edges are called \textbf{ties}.
+            Social networks are not just online: sociologists have studied social networks long before people started exhibiting their relations to others online.
+            Traditionally, data about the structure of social networks have been compiled by interviewing the people involved.
+
+    \item   \textbf{Information networks:} consist of \textbf{data items} which are linked to each other in some way.
+            Examples include relational databases.
+            Sets of information (like scientific publications) have been linking to each other (e.g., through citations) long before computers were invented, although links in digital form are easier to follow.
+            \\\\
+            The \textbf{WWW} is probably the most widespread \& best-known example of an information network.
+            Its nodes are \textbf{web pages} containing information in form of text \& pictures, and its edges are the \textbf{hyperlinks}, allowing us to surf or navigate from page to page.
+            Hyperlinks run in one direction only, from the page that contains the hyperlink to the page that is referenced.
+            Therefore, the WWW is a \textbf{directed network}, a graph where each edge has a direction.
+
+    \item   \textbf{Biological networks:}
+            \begin{itemize}
+                \item   \textbf{Biochemical networks} represent molecular-level patterns of interaction \& control mechanisms in the biological cell, including metabolic networks, protein-protein interaction networks, \& genetic regulatory networks.
+
+                \item   A \textbf{neural network} can be represented as a set of vertices, the neurons, connected by two types of directed edges, one for excitatory inputs and one for inhibitory inputs.
+                        (Not to be confused with an artificial neural network).
+
+                \item   \textbf{Ecological networks} are networks of ecological interactions between species.
+            \end{itemize}
+\end{enumerate}
+
+In each case, a network connects parts of a system (\textbf{nodes}) by some means (\textbf{links}).
+Different techniques are used to display, discover, \& measure the structure in each example.
+\\\\
+In its simplest form, a \textbf{network} is just a collection of points (called \textbf{vertices} or \textbf{nodes}), some of which are joined in pairs (called \textbf{edges}  or \textbf{links}).
+Many systems of interest are composed of individual parts that are in some way linked together: such systems can be regarded as networks, and thinking about them in this way can often lead to new \& useful insights.
+\\\\
+\textbf{Network science} studies the patterns of connections between the components of a system.
+Naturally, the structure of the networks can have a big impact on the behaviour of the system.
+A \textbf{network} is a simplified representation of a complex system by vertices \& edges.
+The scientific study of networks is an interdisciplinary undertaking that combines ideas from mathematics, computer science, physics, the social sciences, \& biology.
+Between these scientific fields, many tools have been developed for analysing, modeling, \& understanding networks.
+
+\subsubsection{Network Measures}
+\textbf{Centrality} is an example of a useful \& important type of network measure; it is concerned with the question of how important a particular vertex or edge is in a networked system.
+Different concepts have been proposed to capture mathematically what it means to be central.
+For example, a simple measure of the centrality of a vertex is its \textbf{degree}, that is, the number of edges it is part of (or, equivalently, the number of vertices it is adjacent to).
+Applications of centrality include determining which entities in a social network have the most influence, or which links in a power grid are most vulnerable.
+\\\\
+Which measurements \& calculations give meaningful answers for a particular system depends of course on the specific nature of the system and the questions one wants to ask. 
+
+\subsubsection{Network Concepts}
+Another interesting network concept is the \textbf{small-world effect}, which is concerned with the question of how far apart two randomly chosen points in a network typically are.
+Here, \textbf{distance} is usually measured by the number of edges one would need to cross over when travelling along a \textbf{path} from one vertex to another.
+In real-world social networks, the distance between people tends to be rather small.
+
+
+\end{document}

year4/semester2/CS4423: Networks/report/CS4423-Networks-Notes.tex

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-% ! TeX program = lualatex
-\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article} 
-% packages
-\usepackage{censor}
-\StopCensoring
-\usepackage{fontspec}
-\setmainfont{EB Garamond}
-% for tironian et fallback
-% % \directlua{luaotfload.add_fallback
-% % ("emojifallback",
-% %      {"Noto Serif:mode=harf"}
-% % )}
-% % \setmainfont{EB Garamond}[RawFeature={fallback=emojifallback}]
-
-\setmonofont[Scale=MatchLowercase]{Deja Vu Sans Mono}
-\usepackage[a4paper,left=2cm,right=2cm,top=\dimexpr15mm+1.5\baselineskip,bottom=2cm]{geometry}
-\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}
-
-\usepackage{fancyhdr}       % Headers and footers 
-\fancyhead[R]{\normalfont \leftmark}
-\fancyhead[L]{}
-\pagestyle{fancy}
-
-\usepackage{microtype}      % Slightly tweak font spacing for aesthetics
-\usepackage[english]{babel} % Language hyphenation and typographical rules
-\usepackage{xcolor}
-\definecolor{linkblue}{RGB}{0, 64, 128}
-\usepackage[final, colorlinks = false, urlcolor = linkblue]{hyperref} 
-% \newcommand{\secref}[1]{\textbf{§~\nameref{#1}}}
-\newcommand{\secref}[1]{\textbf{§\ref{#1}~\nameref{#1}}}
-
-\usepackage{changepage}     % adjust margins on the fly
-
-\usepackage{minted}
-\usemintedstyle{algol_nu}
-
-\usepackage{pgfplots}
-\pgfplotsset{width=\textwidth,compat=1.9}
-
-\usepackage{caption}
-\newenvironment{code}{\captionsetup{type=listing}}{}
-\captionsetup[listing]{skip=0pt}
-\setlength{\abovecaptionskip}{5pt}
-\setlength{\belowcaptionskip}{5pt}
-
-\usepackage[yyyymmdd]{datetime}
-\renewcommand{\dateseparator}{--}
-
-\usepackage{enumitem}
-
-\usepackage{titlesec}
-
-\author{Andrew Hayes}
-
-\begin{document}
-\begin{titlepage}
-    \begin{center}
-        \hrule
-        \vspace*{0.6cm}
-        \Huge \textsc{ct3532}
-        \vspace*{0.6cm}
-        \hrule
-        \LARGE
-       \vspace{0.5cm}
-       Assignment 3: Graphs
-       \vspace{0.5cm}
-       \hrule
-
-       \vfill
-
-       \hrule
-        \begin{minipage}{0.495\textwidth} 
-            \vspace{0.4em}
-            \raggedright
-            \normalsize 
-            \begin{tabular}{@{}l l}
-                Name: & Andrew Hayes \\
-                Student ID: & 21321503 \\
-                E-mail: & \href{mailto://a.hayes18@universityofgalway.ie}{a.hayes18@universityofgalway.ie} \\
-            \end{tabular}
-        \end{minipage}
-        \begin{minipage}{0.495\textwidth} 
-            \raggedleft
-            \vspace*{0.8cm}
-            \Large
-            \today
-            \vspace*{0.6cm}
-        \end{minipage}
-        \medskip\hrule 
-    \end{center}
-\end{titlepage}
-
-% \title{Report Template}
-% \maketitle
-
-\pagenumbering{roman}
-\newpage
-\tableofcontents
-\newpage
-\setcounter{page}{1}
-\pagenumbering{arabic}
-
-\end{document}